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1. Technical Parameters
Wax Melting Temperature: 60°C – 100°C (140°F – 212°F).
Ceramic Shell Curing Temperature: 200°C – 400°C (392°F – 752°F).
Metal Pouring Temperature: Varies by alloy (e.g., 900°C–1,200°C for silver; 1,400°C–1,600°C for titanium).
Surface Finish: Achieves Ra 1.6–3.2 µm (63–125 µin) with minimal post-processing.
Tolerance: ±0.1 mm (±0.004 in) for small parts; ±0.3 mm (±0.012 in) for larger components.
Shell Thickness: 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in), depending on part size and metal weight.
2. Common Materials
A. Wax Materials
Material Type | Properties | Applications |
Microcrystalline Wax | High flexibility, low shrinkage, reusable. | Jewelry, dental models, thin-walled parts. |
Paraffin Wax | Low cost, easy to carve, moderate strength. | Prototyping, artisanal designs. |
Synthetic Wax Blends | Enhanced thermal stability, high precision. | Aerospace, precision engineering. |
B. Casting Metals & Standards
Metal/Alloy | Key Applications | ASTM Standards | EN/ISO Standards |
Silver (Ag) | Jewelry, decorative items. | ASTM B560 (Sterling) | EN ISO 9202 (Jewelry Silver) |
Gold (Au) | Luxury jewelry, dental crowns. | ASTM B562 (Dental Gold) | EN ISO 1562 (Dental Casting) |
Bronze (CuSn) | Sculptures, marine components. | ASTM B584 (C95400) | EN 1982 (Copper Alloys) |
Stainless Steel | Medical tools, industrial parts. | ASTM A351 (CF-8M) | EN 1.4404 (316L) |
Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) | Aerospace, implants. | ASTM F136 (Grade 5) | ISO 5832-3 (Implants) |
Aluminum (A356) | Lightweight automotive parts. | ASTM B26 (A356-T6) | EN 1706 (EN AC-42000) |
3. Key Process Standards
Investment Casting Standards:
ASTM B963: Covers dimensional tolerances for castings.
EN 1559-1: Specifies technical delivery conditions for castings.
ISO 8062: Defines geometric tolerancing for cast components.
Wax Material Standards:
ASTM D4726: Specifies industrial wax properties.
EN 13245: Candle and modeling wax safety (applicable to casting waxes).
4. Quality Control Metrics
Dimensional Inspection: CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) or optical scanners.
Defect Testing: X-ray, dye penetrant, or ultrasonic inspection.
Metallurgical Testing: Grain structure analysis (per ASTM E3/E112).
5. Industry-Specific Considerations
Jewelry: Requires compliance with ASTM B563 (Precious Metal Alloys).
Medical/Dental: Must meet ISO 13485 (Quality Management) and ISO 22674 (Dental Alloys).
Aerospace: Adheres to AMS 4991 (Titanium Castings) and EN 2002 (Aerospace Castings).
1. Technical Parameters of Medium-Temperature Wax Casting
Medium-temperature wax casting is a precision investment casting process widely used for producing complex metal components. Key technical parameters include:
Parameter | Typical Range |
Operating Temperature | 80–120°C (176–248°F) |
Viscosity | 5–15 cP (at 100°C) |
Ash Content | ≤ 0.05% (post-burnout residue) |
Shrinkage Rate | 0.3–0.6% (during solidification) |
Melting Point | 60–90°C (140–194°F) |
Tensile Strength | 2–5 MPa (290–725 psi) |
2. Common Materials for Medium-Temperature Wax Casting
Waxes used in medium-temperature casting are typically blends optimized for dimensional stability, flowability, and burnout properties.
Material Type | Composition | Key Properties |
Microcrystalline Wax | Hydrocarbon-based, high molecular weight | High flexibility, low shrinkage |
Paraffin Wax | Refined petroleum-derived | Low cost, moderate flowability |
Synthetic Wax | Modified polymers (e.g., EVA) | Enhanced strength, low ash content |
Additives | Resins, fillers, plasticizers | Adjust viscosity and thermal behavior |
3. Material Standards
Medium-temperature waxes and associated casting materials comply with international standards:
American Standards (ASTM)
ASTM D87 – Standard Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax.
ASTM D445 – Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity.
ASTM D4419 – Standard Test Method for Measurement of Transition Temperatures of Petroleum Waxes.
European Standards (EN/ISO)
EN 14295 – Foundry waxes and related products.
ISO 11357-3 – Thermal analysis (DSC) for wax phase transitions.
ISO 4624 – Adhesion tests for coatings (applicable to wax pattern coatings).
4. Typical Applications
Aerospace: Turbine blades, fuel nozzles.
Medical: Orthopedic implants, surgical tools.
Automotive: Engine components, transmission parts.
Art & Jewelry: Intricate decorative pieces.
5. Process Considerations
Pattern Assembly: Wax patterns are injected into molds and assembled into clusters.
Shell Building: Ceramic shell layers are applied via dipping and stuccoing.
Dewaxing: Medium-temperature steam or autoclave dewaxing (80–120°C).
Metal Pouring: Molten metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum alloys) replaces wax.
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