Close Die Forging

1. High Precision & Consistency:

The enclosed dies ensure dimensional accuracy and repeatability, minimizing post-processing.

2. Superior Mechanical Properties:

The controlled metal flow aligns grain structures, enhancing strength, fatigue resistance, and impact toughness.

3. Material Efficiency:

Minimal flash (excess material) reduces waste compared to open-die forging.

4. Complex Geometries:

Capable of producing intricate shapes with fine details, such as ribs, bosses, and contours.

5. Scalability:

Economical for high-volume production due to rapid cycle times and long die life.

1. Steel Alloys:

Carbon steel, alloy steel, and stainless steel (e.g., automotive parts, tools).

2. Lightweight Metals:

Aluminum and titanium alloys (e.g., aerospace components).

3. High-Temperature

Alloys: Nickel-based superalloys (e.g., jet engine parts).

4. Copper Alloys:

Used in electrical and plumbing applications.

Note: Materials must exhibit good ductility at forging temperatures.

• Automotive: Engine components (crankshafts, connecting rods), transmission gears, and suspension parts.

• Aerospace: Turbine blades, landing gear, and structural fittings.

• Industrial Machinery: Heavy-duty gears, valves, hydraulic components, and agricultural equipment.

• Energy Sector: Pipeline fittings, drill bits, and nuclear reactor parts.

• Defense: Armor components, artillery shells, and missile systems.

1. Temperature Range:

Preheating: Typically 950–1250°C for carbon and low-alloy steels, depending on material composition and forging requirements.

Forging Pressure: Ranges from 50–150 MPa, influenced by part complexity and material flow stress.

Cooling Rate: Controlled to prevent cracking; air cooling for most steels, oil/water quenching for high-hardness alloys.

2. Die Design Parameters:

Parting Line: Critical for alignment; minimizes flash formation.

Draft Angles: Typically, 3°–5° to facilitate part ejection.

Flash Thickness: 1–3 mm, optimized to balance material waste and die filling.

3. Dimensional Tolerances:

General Tolerance: ±0.5–1.5 mm for small-to-medium components9.

Surface Finish: Ra 3.2–12.5 μm, depending on die finish and post-forging treatments.

1. Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

Carbon Structural Steels:

Q235 (China GB): Equivalent to ASTM A36 (USA), JIS SS400 (Japan), DIN S235JR (Germany)

45 Steel (China GB): Equivalent to ASTM 1045 (USA), JIS S45C (Japan), DIN C45 (Germany)

Alloy Structural Steels:

40Cr (China GB): Equivalent to ASTM 5140 (USA), JIS SCr440 (Japan), DIN 41Cr4 (Germany)

4140 (ASTM): Widely used for high-strength components; equivalent to JIS SCM440 (Japan), DIN 42CrMo4 (Germany)

2. Tool Steels

Cold-Work Tool Steels:

Cr12Mo1V1 (China GB): Equivalent to DIN 1.2379 (Germany), used for high-wear dies

D2 (ASTM): Equivalent to JIS SKD11 (Japan), DIN X155CrVMo12-1 (Germany)

Hot-Work Tool Steels:

H13 (ASTM): Equivalent to JIS SKD61 (Japan), DIN 1.2344 (Germany), suitable for high-temperature forging dies

3. Stainless Steels

Austenitic Stainless Steels:

1Cr18Ni9 (China GB): Equivalent to ASTM 302 (USA), JIS SUS302 (Japan), DIN X12CrNi18-8 (Germany)

Martensitic Stainless Steels:

420 (ASTM): Equivalent to JIS SUS420J1 (Japan), DIN X20Cr13 (Germany)

4. High-Temperature Alloys

Inconel 718 (ASTM): Used for aerospace components; equivalent to DIN 2.4668 (Germany)

1. Material Standards:

ASTM A29/A29M: Specifies general requirements for carbon/alloy steel forgings

ISO 4957: Defines tool steel grades for forging dies

DIN EN 10083-3: Covers alloy steels for quenching and tempering

2. Process Standards:

ASTM E8/E8M: Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials

ISO 9001: Quality management for forging processes